Which characteristic is associated with complex adaptive systems?

The characteristic that learning occurs through nonlinear interdependencies is a fundamental aspect of complex adaptive systems. In such systems, various elements interact in intricate ways where the relationship between them is not directly proportional or predictable. This nonlinearity means that small changes in one part of the system can lead to significant and sometimes unexpected changes in others. As these systems learn and adapt, they discover new patterns and strategies based on the intricate web of interdependencies among their components.

In complex adaptive systems, this learning process is dynamic and often leads to emergent behaviors—where the whole exhibits properties or behaviors that are not present in the individual parts. This aspect of learning through nonlinear interdependencies is what allows these systems to adapt and thrive in changing environments, making it a defining feature of their behavior.